Monomeric emulsion stabilizers derived from alkyl/alkenyl succinic anhydride

ABSTRACT

Quaternary ammonium salts having a lipophilic group covalently linked to the quaternary nitrogen through hydroxysuccinyloxy or hydroxysuccinylamino radicals are disclosed. These quaternary ammonium salts are useful as monomeric emulsion stabilizers.

United States Patent Samour et al.

Aug. 5, 1975 MONOMERIC EMULSION STABILIZERS DERIVED FROM ALKYL/ALKENYL SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE Inventors: Carlos M. Samour, Wellesley;

Mildred C. Richards, Wakefield, both of Mass.

Assignee: The Kendall Co., Boston, Mass.

Filed: Nov. 22, 1972 App]. No.: 308,908

Related US. Application Data Division of Ser. No. 40,718, May 26, 1970, Pat. No. 3,75 1,451, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 867,900, Oct. 20, 1969, abandoned,

US. Cl 260/50l.13; 260/459 Int. Cl. C07C 101/00 Field of Search 260/501.13, 459

Primary ExaminerJoseph E. Evans Assistant ExaminerNicky Chan Attorney, Agent, or FirmEl1en P. Trevors [5 7 ABSTRACT Quaternary ammonium salts having a lipophilic group covalently linked to the quaternary nitrogen through hydroxysuccinyloxy or hydroxysuccinylamino radicals are disclosed. These quaternary ammonium salts are useful as monomeric emulsion stabilizers.

3 Claims, N0 Drawings MONOMERIC EMULSION STABILIZERS DERIVED FROM ALKYL/ALKENYL SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE wherein V is an ethylenically-unsaturated radical; R is zero or a diradical; R" is a diradical; A is oxygen or Nl-l; R, and R are independently selected alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, aryl, R =,OCOCH or R N- llCOCl-l wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl or together part of a heterocyclic amino radical in which the quaternary nitrogen atom in formula I is part of the ring; R is a lipophilic radical comprising an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having about 7 to about'28 carbon 10 atoms; and X is a halide, alkyl sulfate wherein the polymer, which is thereby self-stabilized without the use of surfactants.

Polymeric latices, derived from ethylenicallyunsaturated monomers, are widely used for a variety of applications, such as adhesive masses and binders for nonwoven fabrics. Most conventional polymeric latices are produced by an emulsion polymerization process, in which monomeric materials are polymerized while they are dispersed in an aqueous medium by means of a surface active agent. The surface active agent may be anionic in nature, such as soap or sodium lauryl sulfate. Alternatively, it may be of a nonionic type as represented by various ethylene oxide derivatives, or by polyhydroxy compounds, or it may be cationic, as represented by alkyl ammonium halides. Cationic agents are preferably combined with a nonionic agent for improved performance. The polymerization of monomeric materials is also frequently effected in the presence of watersoluble protective colloids or stabilizing agents. Any of the above emulsifying or stabilizing agents leads to the presence of a water-sensitive ingredient in the final polymeric latex. For latex utilizations wherein wet strength and resistance to the influence of water are desirable, as in most paper coatings, nonwoven fabrics, certain pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes, and the like, the presence of a water-sensitive ingredient in the polymeric mass is undesirable.

A preferred method of avoiding the presence of water-sensitive elements in a polymeric latex is to employ what is termed herein monomeric emulsion stabilizers that is, a class of organic monomer which copolymerizes with the ethylenically-unsaturated monomers, becoming a part of the final polymer, but which stabilizes the polymerization process against the formation of coagulum and against subsequent phase separation. Such monomeric emulsion stabilizers may be cationically-charged nitrogen compounds as set forth in US. Pat. No. 3,399,159 wherein the use of monomers such as vinyl pyridines, acid-amines, and certain nitrogen-containing acrylic derivatives is described.

Now it has been found that selected quaternary ammonium salts wherein the quaternized nitrogen is covalently linked to a lipophilic group through a hydroxysuccinyloxy or hydroxysuccinylamino group are excellent monomeric emulsion stabilizers for the polymerization of ethylenically-unsaturated monomers.

More particularly, the compounds of this invention have the fonnula alkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms or toluene sulfonate radical. Isomers of compounds 1 wherein the lipophilic radical R is attached to the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxyl group are also included in the scope of this invention.

These compounds I are readily prepared from available materials, and thus are attractive for use in commercial operations.

While any compound having the general formula 1 can be provided according to this invention, preferred monomeric emulsion stabilizers include these compounds 1 where V is an ethylenically-unsaturated radical selected from the group consisting of acryloyloxy, methacryloyloxy, acrylamido, methacrylamido, vinyloxy, allyloxy, methallyloxy, vinylacetoxy, allylacetoxy, methallylacetoxy, allyl, methallyl, and acid ester groups or acid amido groups such as 4-hydroxymaleoyloxy and 4-hydroxyfumaroyloxy (HOCOCH=)\ CHCOO), 4-hydroxymaleoylamino and 4- hydroxyfumaroylamino (HOCOCH=)\ hydroxycitraconoylamino (HO-COCH=C( CH- )CONH 4-hydroxyitaconoyloxy and 4-hydroxyitaconoylamino A is oxygen or NH-; R, and R are a. independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl having 1 to -7 carbon atoms, benzyl, R O- COCH and R -NHCOCH where R; is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or

b. together part of a morpholinium or piperidinium moiety;

dine.

i The monomeric emulsion stabilizers having the for mula I can be synthesized by several convenient methods. For example, according to one process an alkyl or alkenylsuccinic anhydride is reacted with a tertiaryamino alcohol or amine, to provide an intermediate which is subsequently reacted with a monomer containing an active halogen atom to provide compounds lf wherein X is halide. This reaction is illustrated by the following general equation wherein V; R, R", A, and R are as previously described;

Ill l 4 X is halide comprises quaternizing a.vinyl-monomer containing a tertiary-amide group by a haloalcohol or amine, followed by reaction with the alkyl or alkenyl succinic anhydride in accordance with the following Exemplificative tertiary-amino alcohols and amines general equation wherein V, R, R", A, R R R5 and II suitable for use in the preparation of compounds I include d'imethylaminoethanol, methylpropylaminopropanol; dibutylamino isopropylamine, dimethylaminoacetoxypropanol and hydroxypropyl piperi- The alkyl or alkenyl succinic anhydrides III are readily provided by known methods, such as by reacting maleic anhydride with an olefin as described in US. Pat. No. 2,74l,597. lllustrative compounds "I include heptenyl succinic anhydride, octacosasuccinic anhydride, n-heptyl succinic anhydride, iso-octadecenyl succinic anhydride, etc. I

Representative monomers having the formula VRX include 2-bromoethyl acrylate, 2-chloroethylacrylamide, allyl chloroacetate, methallyl chloroacetate, acryloyloxypropenyl chloride, .-3-methacryloyloxy, 2-hydroxypropylene chloride, acryloyloxydi( ethylenoxy)ethylene chloride, allyl bromide, methallyl chloride, etc.

Y The reaction .to provide the monomeric emulsion stabilizers l is generally carried out at temperatures from about 0C to about lO0C, but higher or lower temperaatures can be employed. Preferably, temperatures between about C and about 100C are used.

Although the reaction proceeds readily inthe absence of a solvent, diluents such as water, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate, methanol and methylene chloride can be suitably employed. Monomers such as acrylonitrile can also be utilized as solvents in the preparation of the monomeric emulsion stabilizers. While compounds I can be isolatedpriorto use in polymerization reactions, preferably they are used in their reaction solutions.

Alternately, the above-described process can be reversed by first quatemizing the tertiary-amino compound ll by the monomer VR'X, followed by reaction.

with the alkyl or alkenyl succinic anhydride Ill.

Another suitable method for preparing the monomeric emulsion stabilizers having the formula I wherein X" are as first described.

Again, as in the first process,-the order of the above reaction can be reversed.

A third general procedure for the preparation of compounds I comprises the reaction of an alkyl or alkenyl succinic anhydride or mixtures thereof with a vinyl containing tertiary amino alcohol or amine followed. by quaternization as illustrated by the following equation. All compounds included in formula I can be prepared by this method with the exception of those monomeric emulsion stabilizers wherein R. and R together are part of a morpholinium or piperidinium moiety;

a VR'NAC--TH-CH COOH Ouaternizing Agent l R, H c- Particularly preferred monomeric emulsion stabilizers include those Compounds I wherein V is allyl, methallyl, vinylacetoxy, allylacetoxy or methallylacetoxy; R is zero; R" is ethylene, propylene or isopropylene; A is oxygen or NH; R and R are (a) independently selected alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or (b) together part of a morpholinium or piperidinium moiety; R is a lipophilic aliphatic hydrocarbon group having about 7 to about 28 carbon atoms; and X is halide; and compounds I wherein V is acryloyloxy, methacryloyloxy, vinyloxy, or 4-hydroxymaleoyl; R and R" are independently selected ethylene, propylene or isopropylene groups; A is oxygen; R and R are (a) independently selected alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or (b) together part of a morpholinium or piperidinium moiety; R is a lipophilic aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from about 7 to 28 carbon atoms; and X is halide.

The monomeric emulsion stabilizers described in this invention are a new and exceptionally efficient species, promoting the smooth and ready polymerization of a wide variety of ethylenically-unsaturated monomers.

Illustrative ethylenically-unsaturated monomers suitable for copolymerizing with the monomeric emulsion stabilizers of this invention comprise vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, and acrylic monomers in general represented by the formula where R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R is an alkyl radical of l to 14, and preferably l to 4 carbon atoms. As is known in the art of preparing acrylic ester polymers, the softness of the polymer and the difficulty of initiating polymerization increase as the number of carbon atoms in the ester group increases. In the practice of this invention, when the acrylic monomer contains more than 8 carbon atoms in the ester group, it is advantageous to mix therewith at least about 20 mole percent of an acrylic ester with fewer than 4 carbon atoms in the ester group to initiate polymerization and enhance the stability of the dispersion.

Mixtures of more than one such ethylenicallyunsaturated monomer may be used, and in order to impart special properties of toughness, rigidity, or crosslinking reactivity to the polymer, a minor proportion, usually less than 20 mole percent, of the major monomer may be replaced by some other ethylenicallyunsaturated monomer such as vinyl esters, typified by vinyl laurate and vinyl stearate; vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, and vinyl butyl ether; di-unsaturated monomers such as diethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol diitaconate, diallyl phthalate, divinyl benzene and the like; acrylic and methacrylic acids, acrylamide and methacrylamide, hydroxyethyl acrylate and methacrylate, and hydroxypropyl acrylate and methacrylate, and styrene.

In general, in the polymerization process of this invention, 0.1 to 10 percent by weight of monomeric emulsion stabilizer is employed, with l to 5 percent by weight being preferred. The amount of monomeric emulsion stabilizer is based on the total monomers added to the polymerization reaction.

Aqueous polymeric dispersions may be prepared according to this invention in which the solid polymer content is 40 to 50 percent by weight. If desired, the

solids content may be diluted to 1% by weight or less, with excellent retention of stability at both the higher and lower concentrations.

The monomeric emulsion stabilizers of this invention are useful in both batch and continuous polymerization processes.

The following examples will serve to illustrate the practice of this invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Allyl chloride (7.7g.) was added gradually at 25C to a solution of 8.9g. of dimethylaminoethanol in 16.6g. of acetonitrile. The resulting clear solution was maintained at 25C for 25 hours; at the end of this period the solution had crystallized. Then 21.lg. of octenyl succinic anhydride was added to the crystallized mixture and the resulting mixture heated at 50C for 5 hours to provide a homogeneous solution. The solvent was removed under vacuum, thereby providing a dark, orange-brown viscous liquid. Potentiometric titration for carboxyl ion confirmed that allyl dimethyl octenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium chloride had been obtained.

Ethyl acrylate (120g), butyl acrylate (15g) and acrylonitrile (l5g.) were charged to a 4-neck resin kettle equipped with a thermometer, stirrer, nitrogen inlet and dropping apparatus. To the amount of 4.5g. of the monomeric emulsion stabilizer described in the preceding paragraph, dissolved in 425g. of H 0, was added, under nitrogen, the mixture of monomers. The pH of the resulting emulsion was 4.0-4.5. After cooling to 20C by the use of an ice bath, 15ml. of 3% H 0 in H O were added to the emulsion followed by dropwise addition of a reductant solution comprising 0.02g ferrous ammonium sulfate and 0.4g. ascorbic acid in 10ml. H O. Polymerization was initiated after 2.5ml. of reductant solution had been added as evidenced by an exotherm of about 29C in 10 minutes. A total of 9ml. of reductant solution was added until completion of the polymerization as evidenced by a lack of exotherm upon the further addition of a slight amount of H 0 and reductant. The yield of polymer was percent of theoretical, and no coagulum formed.

EXAMPLE 2 Following the procedure of Example 1, 7.7g. of allyl chloride was added slowly, with stirring, to a solution of 8.9g. of dimethylaminoethanol in 16.6g. of acetonitrile. The reaction solution crystallized after standing 24 hours at room temperature. Then a solution of 26.7g. of n-dodecenyl succinic anhydride in 26.7g. of acetonitrile was added and the mixture maintained at 50C for 5 hours, thereby providing a clear homogeneous solution. The solvent was removed under vacuum to yield a viscous orange liquid. Potentiometric titration for carboxyl ion confirmed that allyl dimethyl ndodecenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium chloride had been obtained.

EXAMPLE 3 v of 3% H that allyl dimethyl tetrapropenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium chloride had been obtained.

EXAMPLE 4 Dimethylaminoethanol (35.6g.) was added slowly to a solution of 106.4g. of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride in 160ml. of ethyl acetate. After completion of the exotherm, a dark orange liquid was obtained. Allyl bromide'(l2.l g.) was added to 65.5g. of this liquid. After the mixture was allowed to stand for 24 hours at room temperature, bromide ion analysis confirmed that allyl dimethyl tetrapropenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium bromide had been obtained.

The amount of 4g. of this compound was dissolved in 290g. of H 0 and 75g. of ethyl acrylate added; the pH of the resulting emulsion was about 5. After cooling to 19C, polymerization was initiated and maintained by the addition of 8ml. of 3% H 0 in H O'followed by the dropwise addition of the reductant solution described in Example 1. A total of 2.9ml. of reductant solution was employed in the polymerization and the yield of polymer was 95% of'theoretical.

EXAMPLE 5 EXAMPLE 6 Following the procedure of Example 5, 35.6g. of isooctadecenyl succinic anhydride was added to the reaction product of dimethylaminoethanol and allyl chloride in acetonitrile. After 5 hours at 55C, solvent was removed under vacuum to provide an orange viscous liquid. Analysis for carboxyl ion content confirmed that allyl dimethyl iso-octadecenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium chloride had been obtained.

A mixture of 120g. of ethyl acrylate, g. of butyl acrylate and 15g. of acrylonitrile in 425g. of H 0 was emulsified employing 4.5g. of the allyl dimethyl isooctadecenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium chloride. The emulsion, which had a pH of 4.5-5.0, was cooled to slightly below room temperature. Then 15ml.

solution was added followed by the dropwise addition of the reductant solution described in the previous examples. A total of 7ml. of reductant solution was used in the polymerization; no coagulum formed and the yield of polymer was 93 percent of theoretical.

EXAMPLE 7 A solution of 71.2g. of iso-octadecencyl succinic anhydride in 52g. acetonitrile was added slowly to a 50 percent solution of 18g. dimethylaminoethanol in acetonitrile at 25C. The reaction was exothermic and two layers formed. After stirring the reaction mixture for one hour at 25C, the temperature was raised to 4050C and the reaction mixture heated for one and one-half hours. Solvent removal under vacuum provided a viscous orange liquid. To a solution of 22.3g. of this orange liquid in 28.4g. of dimethylformamide was added 6.07g. of allyl bromide at 25C. After 24 hours, bromide ion analysis indicated that allyl dimethyl iso-octadecenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium bromide had been obtained.

EXAMPLE 8 Dimethylaminoethanol (8.9g.) was added to 9.06g. of methallyl chloride in 44.6g. of acetonitrile. After allowing the mixture to stand for 24 hours at room temperature, a clear homogeneous solution was obtained. Upon the addition of 26.6g. of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride, an exothermic reaction occurred. Solvent was removed under vacuum to provide a viscous liquid product. Analysis for carboxyl ion content confirmed that methallyl dimethyl tetrapropenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium chloride had been obtained.

EXAMPLE 9 ride solution (68 percent by weight in dimethylformamide). The resulting emulsion, having a pH of 4.5, was cooled to about 18C. Polymerization was initiated by the addition of 15ml. of 3% H 0 in H O followed by the dropwise addition of 2.2ml. of the reductant solution described in the previous examples. A total of 8ml. of reductant solution was employed in the polymerization. No coagulum was formed andthe yield of polymer was 94 percent of theoretical.

EXAMPLE 10 A solution of 53.2g. of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride in acetonitrile was added slowly with stirring, at 25C, to a solution of 20.4g. of dimethylaminopropylamine in acetonitrile; a total of 73.6g. of acetonitrile was employed. After stirring the reaction mixture for two hours at room temperature, the solvent was removed under. vacuum to provide 71.5g. of orange viscous liquid. Then a solution of 6.05 g. of allyl bromide in 24.5g. of acetonitrile was added to l8.4g. of the orange viscous liquid. The resulting mixture was allowed to stand at roomtemperature for 5 days. Removal of the solvent under vacuum provided 23.9g. of orange-brown viscous liquid. Bromide ion analysis confirmed that allyl dimethyl tetrapropenylhydroxysuccinylaminopropyl ammonium bromide had been obtained.

A mixture of g. of ethyl acrylate, 15g. of butyl acrylate and 15g. of acrylonitrile in 425g. of H 0 was emulsified using 4.5g. allyl dimethyl tetrapropenylhydroxysuccinylaminopropyl ammonium bromide. The resulting emulsion, having a pH of 4.5-5.0, was cooled to 18C. Polymerization was initiated by the addition of 15ml. of 3% H in H O followed by the addition of 1.5ml. of the reductant solution described in the previous examples. A total of 7ml. of reductant solution was required to complete the polymerization. No coagulum formed and the yield of polymer was 92% of theoretical.

EXAMPLE 1 l The amount of 20.4g. of dimethylaminopropylamine was added to a 153g. of allyl chloride dissolved in 35.7g. of acetonitrile. The reaction was carried out at ice-bath temperature. After 24 hours at room temperature, 53.2g. of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride was added slowly, with stirring, to the reaction solution. Solvent removal provided a product which contained 96% of the theoretical carboxyl ion content of allyl dimethyl tetrapropenylhydroxysuccinylaminopropyl ammonium chloride had been obtained.

EXAMPLE 1 2 Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (15.7g.) was added, with stirring, at room temperature to a solution of 12.5g of 2-bromoethanol in 28.2g. of acetonitrile. A slightly exothermic reaction ensued. The reaction solution was allowed to stand for 4 days. Then 26.6g. of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride was added to the solution. A slightly exothermic reaction occurred. After allowing the reaction mixture to stand at room temperature for 24 hours, carboxyl ion analysis revealed that methacryloyloxyethyl dimethyl tetrapropenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium bromide had been obtained.

To 4.5g. of the above monomeric emulsion stabilizer solution (66 percent by weight in acetonitrile) was added 100g. of ethyl acrylate and 290g. of H 0. The resulting emulsion, having a pH of 4.5, was cooled to 17C and polymerization initiated by the addition of ml. of 3% H 0 solution followed by ,2ml. of the reductant solution described in the previous examples. A total of 3ml. of reductant solution was employed in the polymerization. No coagulum formed and the yield of polymer was 95 percent of theoretical.

EXAMPLE 13 Following the procedure of Example 12, 1 1.5g. of dimethylaminoethyl vinyl ether was added at room temperature to a solution of 12.5g. of 2-bromoethanol in 24.3g. of acetonitrile. The reaction was slightly exothermic. After allowing the reaction mixture to stand at room temperature for 4 days, a clear, homogeneous solution was obtained. To this solution was added 26.8g. of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride. After allowing this reaction mixture to stand at room temperature for 48 hours, carboxyl ion analysis indicated that vinyloxyethyl dimethyl tetrapropenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium bromide had been obtained.

EXAMPLE 14 Allyl chloroacetate (6.73g.) was added to the reaction product of 4.5g. of dimethylaminoethanol and 17.8g. of iso-octadodecenyl succinic anhydride in 27g. of dimethyl formamide. Chloride ion analysis confirmed that allylacetoxy dimethyl isooctadecenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium chloride had been obtained.

EXAMPLE 1 5 A solution of 26.6g. of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride in 25g. dimethyl formamide was added slowly with stirring, at 25C to a solution of 13.1g. of hydroxyethylmorpholine in 20g. dimethyl formamide. The reaction was exothermic, providing a light, orangebrown homogeneous solution which contained 93% of the theoretical carboxyl ion content. Allyl bromide (10.9g.) was added to the solution and the resulting mixture allowed to stand at room temperature for 6 days. Bromide ion analysis confirmed that allyl tetrapropenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl morpholinium bromide had been obtained.

EXAMPLE 1 6 A solution of 26.6g. of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride in 25g. dimethylformamide was added slowly, with stirring, at 25C to a solution of 8.9g. of dimethylaminoethanol in 10g. of dimethylformamide. The reaction was exothermic, providing, after 24 hours, a clear homogeneous solution which contained percent of the theoretical carboxyl ion content. To the above solution was added, at 25C with stirring, an equimolar amount of 2-bromoethanol. The reaction was slightly exothermic. After allowing the reaction mixture to stand for five days at 25C and then for 3 /2 hours at 4550C, 82 percent of the theoretical bromide ion content was determined. To this solution was added an equimolar amount of maleic anhydride; the addition was carried out with stirring at room temperature. After 24 hours at room temperature, carboxyl ion analysis indicated that 2-(4-hydroxymaleoyl)- oxyethyldimethyltetrapropenylhydroxysuccinyloxyethyl ammonium bromide had been obtained.

What is claimed is:

l. A compound having the formula wherein V is an ethylenically unsaturated radical selected from the group consisting of allyl and methallyl;

R is a direct linkage and R is an independently selected from the group consisting of ethylene, propylene and isopropylene;

R, and R are independently alkyl bon atoms;

R,-, is a lipophilic aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from about 7 to about 28 carbon atoms; and

X is halide, alkyl sulfate wherein the alkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or toluene sulfonate.

2. The compound of claim 1 wherein R and R are independently alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and X is halide.

3. The compound of claim 2 having the name N-allyl N,N-dimethyl N-tetrapropenylhydroxysuccinylaminopropyl ammonium chloride.

having 1 to 7 car- 

1. A COMPOUND HAVING THE FORMULA
 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein R1 and R2 are independently alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and X is halide.
 3. The compound of claim 2 having the name N-allyl N,N-dimethyl N-tetrapropenylhydroxysuccinylaminopropyl ammonium chloride. 